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Guhuza abafata ibyemezo numuyoboro uhuza amakuru, abantu nibitekerezo, Bloomberg itanga amakuru yubucuruzi n’imari, amakuru nubushishozi kwisi yose hamwe nihuta nukuri Guhuza abafata ibyemezo numuyoboro uhuza amakuru, abantu nibitekerezo, Bloomberg atanga amakuru yubucuruzi n’imari, Amakuru n'ubushishozi ku isi yose hamwe n'umuvuduko n'ukuri Uwahimbye Buckminster Fuller yigeze kuvuga ko iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ari "ephemeral." Izuba n'umuyaga bisimbuza amakara na peteroli nk'isoko ry'ingufu, ibicuruzwa bifite akamaro kanini mu bucuruzi kuruta inyubako, kandi amafaranga ya fiat yasimbuye zahabu na feza. Birasa nkaho bihuje n'ubwenge gufata umwanzuro ko Imbonerahamwe yigihe-itondekanya ridasubirwaho ryibintu bifatika nkumuringa, icyuma, mercure, na sulferi - bishaje kandi ntaho bihuriye nimashini yandika. keretse niba bihabanye rwose. Ibintu biracyafite akamaro.Mu myaka 150 ishize hashyizweho imbonerahamwe yigihe cyagenwe na chimiste w’Uburusiya Dmitri Mendeleev, ni ngombwa cyane kuruta ikindi gihe cyose. kubwo imitungo yabo.Mu 1808, John Dalton yabashyiraga kurutonde kuburemere bwa atome.Mu 1864, John Newlands yatanze itegeko rya octave, avuga ko buri octave yibintu ifite imitungo isa.Ariko Dmitri Mendeleev yakoze imbonerahamwe yukuri iteganijwe. Mendeleev yavukiye i Tobolsk, muri Siberiya, mu 1834, umuhererezi mu bana icumi, arangiza mu kigo cy’uburezi gikuru i St. Petersburg mu 1855. Yize ibijyanye na chimie i Heidelberg na Paris mbere yo kubona impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga ya dogiteri mu mujyi yavukiyemo maze aba umukode. umwarimu muri kaminuza ya Imperial ya St. Ibisohokayandikiro bya Mendeleev kuva mu 1869 byombi byerekanaga ibihe byigihe kandi byahanuye umwanya wibintu bitaramenyekana. Hamwe n’ivumburwa rya galiyo mu 1875, scandium mu 1879, na germanium mu 1886, byagaragaye ko ari ukuri. ubumenyi bwa siyansi bwakiriye izi nyigisho bwihutishije kwiga isi yumubiri n’ibikorwa by’inganda n’ubucuruzi.Mendeleev ubwe yabigizemo uruhare, akora iperereza ku bijyanye n’amakara y’Uburusiya, peteroli ndetse na foromaje mu gihe cy’Uburusiya bugezweho. Imbonerahamwe yarahindutse gato kuva apfa azize ibicurane mu 1907, ariko ishyirahamwe ryayo rikomeza.Buri kintu cyose gifite ikimenyetso cyimiti yinyuguti imwe cyangwa ebyiri, ubusanzwe gikomoka ku izina risanzwe, ariko rimwe na rimwe kiva mu rundi rurimi, cyakoreshwaga mu gukora zahabu, nka "Au" kuva mu kilatini aurum.Umubare wa atome ugereranya proton muri nucleus. Ubwinshi bwa atome butangaje rimwe na rimwe buhabwa ahantu henshi icumi, hamwe nimibare iri mumurongo mugihe cya isotope imaze igihe kirekire. Izi nkingi zerekana ibintu bifite imiti isa.Urugero, ibyuma bya alkali byerekanwe kumurongo wambere ibumoso bifite electron imwe mugikonoshwa cyayo cyo hanze bityo bikunda guhuza neza cyane na halogene, no mumurongo wa kabiri iburyo, bo gira electron zirindwi mugikonoshwa cyazo cyo hanze no kubura kuzuza byasabye electron imwe.Ubu nuburyo tubona ibice nka sodium chloride (umunyu wameza) na potasiyumu iyode, ifasha kurinda tiroyide imirasire. Inkingi iburyo yerekana imyuka myiza ya elegitoroniki yo hanze idahwitse, ibyo bigatuma ibyinshi mubintu bigira akamaro kumurika, kubera ko bititwara nibindi bintu.Mu mbonerahamwe nyinshi zigihe, lanthanide na actinide zitondekanya kumurongo hepfo kugirango wirinde gutuma imbonerahamwe idashoboka. Mendeleev ntabwo yabonye ibintu byose neza: yizeraga ko ibintu bidasanzwe kandi yanze igitekerezo cyuko bafite ibibanza bimwe byubaka.Yakoze kandi urujijo rutangaje ko ether ari ikintu.Ariko igishushanyo cye cyibanze nukuri, niyo mpamvu ari ifatwa nkuwayihimbye uyumunsi - nimpamvu isabukuru yimyaka 50 yizihizwa nkumwaka mpuzamahanga wameza yibihe .-- Joanna Ozinger Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, impinduramatwara ya hydrogène ya hydrogène imaze imyaka 10. Ariko nk’ububasha bwa mbere bw’ibinyabiziga by’amashanyarazi by’Uburayi, Noruveje yiteguye kuzagira uruhare runini mu bintu bikize ku isi.Ababishyigikiye bavuga ko lisansi izarushaho guhangana mu gihe itangwa rya hydrogène ishobora kongera kwiyongera, bizaba igice cy'ingenzi mu bihe biri imbere. Imwe mu ngaruka zimaze igihe kinini ku mavuta ya hydrogène ni uko akenshi usanga ibicanwa biva mu bimera bisabwa kugira ngo bibyare umusaruro. Ntabwo aribyo mu murima w’umuyaga wa Berlevag cyangwa mu mujyi wa Trondheim wo muri Noruveje, aho umutekinisiye ukoreshwa n’imodoka yo muri Suwede Scania AB arimo akora kuri hydrogen amashanyarazi hamwe n'ibigega byo kubikamo amavuta akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba.Ishami rya hydrogène rizaha ingufu amamodoka hamwe na forklifts igeragezwa n’umucuruzi ucuruza ibiribwa ASKO. Kugeza ubu, nubwo, uburyo bwanduye bw’umusaruro wa hydrogène buracyatwara munsi y’icya kabiri cy’ibishobora kuvugururwa. Ibyo birababaje umutwe wa guverinoma ya Noruveje, iteganya guhagarika kugurisha imodoka zikomoka kuri fosile mu 2025 kandi iteganya ko imodoka zigera kuri 500.000 zikoreshwa na hydrogène imihanda yigihugu mugihe cyimyaka mike.Nibura byibuze, bivuze ko amashanyarazi menshi ahantu nka Berlevag. Niba ikinyejana cya 20 cyari igihe cya moteri yaka imbere, ikinyejana cya 21 ni icya bateri.Mu myaka mike ishize, bateri zishobora kuba isoko nyamukuru yingufu zimodoka namakamyo, ndetse zishobora no kuba rusange muri kajugujugu no mu ndege. Ugereranije n’izabo. Golf yababanjirije, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi byumunsi birashobora kugera kumuvuduko usekeje mugihe bisohora umwanda muke ugereranije no gukoresha gaze.Baroroshye kandi gukora, kandi na bateri zabo zirashobora kongera gukoreshwa.Automakers, kuva General Motors kugeza BMW, bakoresha miliyari y'amadorari mugutwara icyatsi kibisi .Ariko iyi mbaraga izana n’ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, kandi hari igitutu cyiyongera kugirango ibigo bitange ibintu byingenzi byingenzi.Nk'inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli, EV ziteganijwe kugwa mumitego myinshi, kandi biroroshye cyane.Muri iki kibazo , turasuzuma ibikoresho bibisi muri bateri, kuva lithium kugeza cobalt kugeza zinc, kugirango turebe uko ibyangombwa byabo bibisi bigereranya. Ikomeye kuruta ibyuma, yoroshye kuruta aluminiyumu, idasanzwe cyane, kandi ifite uburozi iyo ihumeka, beryllium ikunze kubikwa mu buhanga buhanitse nk'imashini za X-ray, icyogajuru, ibyuma bya kirimbuzi, n'intwaro. Ariko mu myaka ya za 90, Chris Hinshaw wahoze ari triathlete yabonye amahirwe yo kwisoko: amagare. Isosiyete ye ikorera muri San Jose, Beyond Beryllium Fabrications, ikora amagare agera ku 100 avuye mu cyuma. Byinshi bikozwe mu mavuta ya aluminium-beryllium kandi bigurishwa hafi $ 1.900; intwaro yo mu rwego rwa beryllium igurishwa agera ku 30.000 $. Abakiriya barimo umustar wa baseball Pepper Davis. Nyuma yimyaka mike, Hinshaw yahagaritse gukora amagare ya beryllium kubera ko uwamuhaye isoko nyamukuru, ikirombe cy’Uburusiya n’uruganda rutunganya inganda, yagize ati: “Igihe Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti zasenyuka, twahise tumenya ko tudafite ibikorwa remezo bikwiye byo gutanga ibicuruzwa gusa, ahubwo kubyaza umusaruro ukurikije ibipimo n'ibiteganijwe gushyirwaho n'inganda z'amagare ". Mu nomero yacu yo ku ya 20 Ukwakira 1956, BusinessWeek yahanuye "gukoresha ibintu byinshi bishimishije" kuri boron, cyane cyane mu mavuta y’indege. Nyuma yimyaka mike, abahanga bamenye ko ibicanwa bishingiye kuri boron byari uburozi bukabije kandi bikunda gutwikwa bidatinze. Kubwamahirwe kuri twe, boron ikomeje kugira uruhare mu mubare w’ibindi bicuruzwa byiyongera, birimo ibikoresho byo kumesa, ifumbire hamwe na ecran ya LCD. Twari tuvuze ukuri, ntabwo ari kubwimpamvu twatekereje. Ntakintu kizahindura uburyo ukora igikombe cyikawa, nubwo ibirungo byibihwagari.Ibishyimbo byokeje, hasi, hanyuma bigashyirwa mumazi hamwe cyangwa nta gahato.Ariko mumyaka yashize, ikawa yawe yibanze ya kawa yagize ivugurura rikomeye: Azote idashimishije. isukwa mu ikawa yatetse kugirango hongerwemo ifuro kandi ntoya yerekana uburyohe.Ibinyobwa byiza bya nitro bikonje bisa nkinzoga igerageza ifite ifuro yoroshye hejuru. Dukurikije inkuru y’inkomoko izwi cyane, kuva ikawa ya mbere yasutswe kuri robine ya Austin ahagana mu 2012 , yahindutse icyayi cya kawa nimbaraga zo gutwara miriyari 4.1 zamadorali yiteguye kunywa ikawa. Portland, Ore. Ishingiye ku ruhererekane rw'igihugu Stumptown Coffee Roasters Inc. yatanze bwa mbere inzoga ya nitro mu mwaka wa 2015 nyuma yo kugerageza umushinga. Igurisha amabati agera kuri miliyoni 2 ku mwaka kandi ni cyo gicuruzwa cyihuta cyane muri sosiyete. Mbere na mbere, inzoga zikaze Brent Wolczynski yagize ati: “Inzira yari DIY cyane. Twashyiraga inzoga ikonje muri keg, tukayikubita azote ikabije cyane, hanyuma tukayinyeganyeza. ” Noneho inzira ihwanye nubushakashatsi bwa siyanse buteye ubwoba: Buri kibindi cyuzuyemo widget ntoya ya plastike ifata gaze ya azote imbere. Gufungura isafuriya bishobora kwerekana ikawa kumuvuduko wikirere, gusunika gaze ya azote hanze no muri kawa.Ibisubizo ni urukurikirane rwa utubuto duto tugaragara iyo usutse. La Colombe Coffee Roasters ni ikindi kirango cyo hejuru kirimo ogisijeni, buri gihe mugenzi we wa azote, muri verisiyo yacyo. Inyandiko za latte zakozwe na nitrous oxyde (N2O), uruganda ruzwiho gusetsa gaze kandi rukoreshwa no gushushanya amabati ya cream yakubiswe. Umuyoboro wihariye utanga ubwoko bwamafuro asanzwe aboneka muri latte zishyushye mubinyobwa bikonje.Ibibyimba bya N2O bimara igihe kirekire kuruta ibibyimba bya nitro kandi bigakora amavuta yinyongera hamwe nuburyohe bugaragara.La Colombe ndetse yatanze patenti. Starbucks, irindi zina rikomeye ku isi ya kawa, yatangaje ko inzoga ikonje ya nitro izaboneka mu gihugu hose mu mpera z'umwaka.Ntibitangaje ko izaboneka mu buryohe butandukanye kandi ikarangira, nk'imwe ifite "Cascara Cold Foam "n'ikindi hamwe na" Cream Cream. "Hariho n'amavuta yo mu bwoko bwa pumpkin cream ikonje. Tekinoroji yo kureba nijoro imaze kwizerwa no gukwirakwira, ikoreshwa nabantu bose kuva ku basirikare kugeza ku bareba inyoni.Nubwo kwiyongera kwamamare yuburyo bwa digitale, kuzamura urumuri bikomeza kuba inganda zinganda.Iyo urumuri rwukwezi rugaragarira mubintu rwinjiye muri binocula ikoreshwa na batiri, inyura muri lens no mumashusho intensifier tube.Fotokathode noneho ihindura urumuri muri electron, zongerwamo ingufu na electron igwiza kandi ikerekana ecran ya fosifore kugirango itange ishusho igaragara.-E.Tamikin Light yamye ari ikibazo cyabafotora cyane.Ariko hagati mu kinyejana cya 19, umurimo wo gufata no kurema urumuri wari munini cyane. Mu 1864, abavandimwe Alfred, abahungu ba chimiste b'Abongereza, batangiye kugerageza itara ryaka cyane - cyane cyane itara ryaka ibyuma. Urufunguzo ni magnesium, icyuma cya feza cyoroshye cyane. Kuri numero 12 kumeza yigihe, hafi ibumoso hejuru, nikimwe mubintu bikunze kugaragara kwisi, ariko ntabwo byigeze biboneka muburyo bwera.Ku byonyine, magnesium irashya. gahoro gahoro kandi neza, kandi itanga urumuri rutagira aho rubogamiye - nta bururu cyangwa umuhondo sheen. Abavandimwe bafashe amabuye ya magnesium, bayashiramo aside, bayavanga n'umunyu, barayatwika, kandi bafata amazi yegeranye yahumutse.Yacumuye iki gice cy'icyuma gisukuye mo ibice hanyuma acamo ibice bishobora gucanwa nka buji. . ukundi. " Kugeza mu myaka ya za 1880, icyerekezo cyari cyarasimbutse kiva mu gasanduku k'ibikoresho k'umushakashatsi kinjira mu gasanduku k'ibikoresho by'umunyamakuru. Nkuko bigaragazwa na raporo, Jacob Riis, umufotozi w'ikinyamakuru New York nimugoroba muri icyo gihe, yasomye inkuru ivuga ku gukora ifu ya glitter yo mu Budage maze agira icyo akora "hamwe na an gutaka kwatunguye umugore wanjye. " Hasi y'Iburasirazuba. Nta magnesium, nta mibereho yabaho ikindi gice. Jessie Tarbox Beals nayo ntifata amafoto yinzu, Jessie Tarbox Beals numwarimu wahindutse umufotozi warashe mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya 20 Portrait ya New Yorker. Nkuko umuhanga mu by'amateka Kate Flint yanditse muri "Flash! Mu ifoto imwe itangaje yakozwe na Beers, an umugore utaravuzwe izina yicaye ku ntebe y’igikoni afite umwana wambaye ubusa mu ntoki, imvugo ye irarambiranye kandi ananiwe. We hamwe n’abana be bari buzuye hagati y’ibitereko bidahuye, ibiseke bya pome byambarwa, amashyiga y'icyuma, amajerekani, indobo n'amacupa n'amasahani ashyizwe mu kabari gafunguye. Kalendari n'imyenda bimanitse ku rukuta hasi byose ni amabati yanduye. Haba hari icyumba cyigeze kibona ubuzima bwinshi Mu myaka mirongo yakurikiye urupfu rwa Beers mu 1942, flash ya magnesium yahindutse mu buryo gusa. tekereza ni uguturika kuzunguza amashusho ya paparazzi hagati yikinyejana cya 20. Dan Tidwell yatangiye gukora nkumufotozi muminsi ye ya nyuma yibitekerezo. Mu 1965, afite imyaka 20, yahawe akazi ko kwandika umushinga wamateka hafi ya Sacramento: icyiciro cya nyuma cyikizamini cya gahunda ya NASA ya Apollo. Kamera Tidwell yahisemo yari Graflex 4x5 nini nini ifite flash nini iburyo. "Yambwiye ati:" Ntibisanzwe ko iryo tara ry'ikirahure riturika. " Muri imwe mu mashusho ye, abagabo bane bambaye imyenda yera yera n'ingofero zikomeye bahagaze imbere ya roketi nini. Ku ruhande rw'iburyo, agace kegeranye k'insinga, imiyoboro n'imipira byahindutse mu gicucu cy'umukara n'icyatsi. Ku ruhande rw'ibumoso, flash irahuza hejuru yabagabo, fuselage yagoramye ya roketi, ninkuta za hangar mu ndege yahumanye. Muri iyi minsi, ubu bwiza butangaje ntabwo bukunzwe cyane. abashyitsi bose bafashe terefone ye. Twakomeje kurasa nta flash nyuma yijoro, byerekana ko dusangiye kuruhande rwihishe.Gusa gusa rimwe na rimwe gukoresha flash nabafotora ubukwe biduhagarika aho twijimye.Yakanze igikoresho kumubiri wa kamera hanyuma akanda kuri shitingi.Nta guturika gukabije cyangwa umwotsi wibyuma - gusa nibuka urumuri rutangaje rwa magnesium. Ibara ry'icyuma ryerekanwe ku gifuniko cy'iki kibazo ni Pantone 877 C, ubwiza bwayo buturuka kuri flake ya aluminium ivanze na wino. Mu kuvunika hydraulic, cyangwa kuvunika hydraulic, abamotari bavoma ibintu bifatanye, byera, byijimye munsi yigitutu mu iriba, rimenagura urutare hepfo kandi rikarekura ububiko bwa peteroli na gaze byafashwe. kuvunika amazi.Ibisanzwe bikunze kuba umucanga. Ubu fracking niyo ikoresha umusenyi munini muri Amerika.Nta mucanga uwo ariwo wose uzakora: Umusenyi mwiza ufite uruziga, ingano imwe hamwe na silika nyinshi, bigatuma bigorana kwihanganira gufatwa hagati yamabuye manini. "Ubwiyongere mu musaruro wa hydrocarubone muri Amerika biterwa no gucukura toni miliyoni z'umucanga, ”nk'uko igitabo cyanditswe na Hi-Crush Inc. gitanga amasoko, maze kikagisubiza mu butaka.” Umusenyi mwiza cyane wa frac uturuka mu burengerazuba bwo hagati.Amajyaruguru yera na Ottawa White bahabwa agaciro kubera kutagira umwanda. Gari ya moshi nini na barge zitwara umucanga mu majyepfo mu kibaya cya Permiya no mu burasirazuba kugera kuri Shale ya Marcellus.Nkuko inganda zimaze gukura, abacukura. kugerageza kugabanya ibiciro byubwikorezi byerekeje ibitekerezo byabo ahantu hacukuwe, gucukura umucanga wa Oklahoma ukennye no gucukura imisozi ya Texas yuburengerazuba. Inyuma hamwe nabatwara ibicuruzwa basunika umucanga mu byobo bito.Ibinyampeke byogejwe, bigatondekanya ubunini binyuze muyungurura na centrifuges, hanyuma bikumishwa mu ngoma. Rimwe na rimwe umucanga utwikiriwe na resin kugirango ukomere. Abamoteri babika umucanga ahabigenewe muri silos cyangwa mubindi bikoresho.Iyo bikenewe, bivangwa namazi, imiti nububyimbye nka guar gum mumashini nini yashizwemo namakamyo hanyuma ikavoma hasi. Kuva ryatera imbere mu 1909, ifumbire yafashije kugaburira isi.Ariko kwangirika kw’isi biragenda biteye ubwoba. Abahinzi bo mu kigo cy’ibiribwa n’ubuhinzi cya Stone Barns i Tarrytown, NY, bayobora inzira mu ifumbire mvaruganda. Kuri hegitari zirenga 400 ubutaka bwatanzwe n'umuryango wa Rockefeller, inka, intama, ihene, ingurube n'inkoko bizunguruka imyaka ku nzuri zitandukanye, kandi ifumbire yabo nayo ni isoko y'ifumbire. kimwe mu bintu byakurikiranwe neza kumitungo.Yita steroid yubwami bwibimera - ifatanije na azote na potasiyumu, irashobora guhindura zucchini iciye bugufi ikabigira urugero rutangaje. Dan Barber, umutetsi akaba na nyir'umutungo wa Blue Hill muri resitora ya Stone Barns, arashaka kwerekana ko abahinzi bashobora gukomeza kunguka baramutse baretse icyo yise "intungamubiri zabo zuzuye" hamwe nibintu nka fosifore na azote. Gusa na none byinshi mubintu byose, fosifore irenze urugero irangiza. Intara ya Westchester, ahitwa Barn Kibuye, yabujije ifumbire ya fosifeti y’ubucuruzi kubera iterabwoba ryangiza ibidukikije by’umugezi wa Hudson. Hari igihe - 2017 - ubwo Brexit yasaga nkaho yimanitse hejuru yinkoko zogejwe na chlorine. Imyitozo yo kuboneza urubyaro irabujijwe mu Burayi ariko ikunze kugaragara muri Amerika, yashimangiye ko itazasinya amasezerano y’ubucuruzi n’Ubwongereza nyuma y’Uburayi ko ntabwo ikubiyemo inkoko zayo. Nyuma yimyaka ibiri, minisitiri wintebe, hanyuma nta Brexit, ukuza kw’inyoni za chlorine ziracyarakaza "abasigaye". Imbaraga z’Amerika mu gutandukanya itangwa ry’ibintu bidasanzwe by’ubutaka (REEs) byatumye habaho isoko idashoboka: amakara. Porogaramu yatangiye mu 2014 igamije kuvana Amerika kuva mu kwishingikiriza ku Bushinwa, kubera ko amabuye y'agaciro 17 atoroshye gucukurwa ari ngombwa. Kuri byinshi mu buhanga buhanitse, harimo n'intwaro. Abayobozi bavuze ko imishinga 22 ishingiye ku bucukuzi bw'amakara no kuyikoresha kandi ntibizongera kwangiza ibidukikije. element, bizafasha kugera kuriyi ntego.Iyi ni imishinga ibiri kumpera zinyuranye zumusaruro wamakara. Uyu mushinga ugamije gufata REE muri lignite, amakara yo mu rwego rwo hasi. Biroroshye kuvana muri lignite kuruta mu makara yo mu rwego rwo hejuru, nk'uko byatangajwe na Nolan Theaker, umuyobozi wa tekinike muri uyu mushinga muri kaminuza ya Dakota y'Amajyaruguru. Nkuko byatangajwe na Theaker, inzira ya prototype pulverize, ecran na chimique ivura ibiro 44 bya lignite kumasaha kugirango itange kimwe cya gatatu cya ounce yibicuruzwa bidasanzwe bya oxyde yisi - hafi 1/100 amafaranga akenewe kuri moteri yikinyabiziga cyamashanyarazi. Umushinga uzatera imbere gutunganya igice cya toni yamakara kuri isaha, hamwe n'umudereva uteganijwe muri 2023, yavuze. Ibyiza byo gucukurwa birangiye iki gikorwa ni uko kwibumbira hamwe kwa REE mu ivu ry’amakara bikubye inshuro 6 kugeza ku 10 ugereranije n’amakara adatwikwa, nk'uko byatangajwe na Prakash Joshi wahoze ayobora Andover, muri Leta ya Mass. uruganda, rugomba kurangira muri 2020, rwoza matrike yikirahure irimo REE kuva igice cya toni yivu kumunsi kumunsi uva mumashanyarazi i Ford, Kentucky, hanyuma ugakoresha uburyo bwa chimique kugirango utange ama garama 17 yibintu byumye birimo kuri byibuze 20% ibikoresho bya Scandium na Yttrium. Birumvikana ko ikibaya cya Silicon kibona izina ryacyo kuva muri element 14, ibyingenzi byubaka ibyuma bya mudasobwa.Mu minsi ya mbere yo kubara, ibice bitatu bya chip - wafer cyangwa substrate; tristoriste yashyizwe hejuru; ninsinga zihuza ikibaho cyumuzunguruko-bisaba ibice bike gusa.Uyu munsi, abakora chip bakoresha igice kinini cyameza yigihe.-E.Tamikin "Titanium irakomeye kuruta ibyuma mubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi yitiriwe Titan impuguke mu bya siyansi Bill Nye agira ati: "mu migani y'Abagereki, ntabwo ikurura ubushyuhe gusa, irabigaragaza." Nibyuma abantu bifuza guhuza - niyo mpamvu, nkuko Kanama yasohotse muri Kanama Ikarita ya Apple yabigaragaje, titanium ni "it" ibikoresho byamakarita yinguzanyo. Nubwo bimeze bityo, verisiyo ya laser yaturutse muri Apple Inc. yinjiye mubantu benshi. Ikarita yicyuma. Reba urubuga Credit Card Insider ibara ibicuruzwa 22 kumasoko, kandi ibigo bivugako bikozwe muri titanium, ibyuma bitagira umwanda (ni ukuvuga ibyuma, karubone na chrome) ndetse na 24K zahabu. Nubwo bafite ishyaka, bake ni bo basunikishije imipaka ya metallurgie.JPMorgan Chase & Co yakiriye icyubahiro kubera ikarita yayo ya JP Morgan - isa n'ikarita ya palladium, ariko mu byukuri ikozwe mu byuma bya platine. Ibindi bigo bishobora gutekereza: Kuri mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana gishya, Henry Ford, uruganda rukora amamodoka inshuro ebyiri rwananiwe gushaka intambwe ya gatatu, yagize igitekerezo cy'ubwoko bushya bw'imodoka. Kera moderi zarebaga imihanda igoye y'umunsi n'uburemere bukabije, kandi byari bihenze kubaka. no kugura. "Ford mu 1906 yaranditse ati:" Icyifuzo gikenewe cyane muri iki gihe, ni imodoka yoroheje kandi ihendutse. "